In Paris intense discussions for and against took place, and one had in mind trying to solve the question by determining if the Earth due to the rotation was somewhat flattened at the poles. At this moment Celsius arrived there, and he suggested that the contemplated expedition should go to the Arctic Circle in Sweden, to the Torne valley. Celsius now became a member of the French expedition which performed measurements at the Arctic Circle in — , both towards stars in the winter cold and between mountain peaks during summer.
Also gravity was measured there. The results were then compared with corresponding ones around Paris. The expedition itself did not manage to solve the controversial problem, but together with earlier observations of other phenomena it made the balance in the discussion finally tip over in favour of Newton. Inspired by what he had seen in Paris and Greenwich, Celsius, after returning from the Arctic Circle, succeeded in persuading the University to found an observatory in Uppsala in Here Celsius worked for the rest of his short life, together with his diligent assistants Olof Hiorter and Pehr Wargentin.
Together with Wargentin he made Uppsala internationally leading within longitude determination. Celsius also could determine gravity in Uppsala, with a pendulum clock mounted in the Observatory and constructed by a specialist in London. This was one of only few gravity stations in the world at this time.
Celsius had early taken an interest in the phenomenon then called the water decrease, today known as the land uplift after the Ice Age, or the postglacial rebound; he succeeded in to determine, for the first time, its rate. For this he used an old seal rock, a rock where long ago seals could be shot when they rested close to the then mean sea level.
Based on this value, Celsius then the draw the conclusion that large regions in Sweden must have been below sea level a few thousand years ago. He made natural science enter into history. His research helped prove that the universe is expanding, and he created a classification system for galaxies that has been used for several decades. Humphry Davy was a British chemist best known for his contributions to the discoveries of chlorine and iodine and for his invention of the Davy lamp, a device that greatly improved safety for miners in the coal industry.
Physicist Enrico Fermi built the prototype of a nuclear reactor and worked on the Manhattan Project to develop the first atomic bomb. Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was instrumental in establishing the concept of a heliocentric solar system, in which the sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the solar system.
Annie Jump Cannon was a pioneering astronomer responsible for the classification of hundreds of thousands of stars. Albert Einstein was a physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. He is considered one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed a theory of evolution based on natural selection. To this day, Celsius is used internationally as the official scientific measurement of temperature.
He also noticed that the auroras were influenced by magnetic fields , based on the observation that compass needles would deviate in response to their activity; greater needle deviations followed more powerful aurora activity. Much of his research also included observing and cataloging astronomical bodies , which were published in the Swedish Royal Society of Sciences.
For his work, Celsius served as the secretary of the organization. He wrote a book on the study of mathematics targeted for children that became very popular, Arithmetics for the Swedish Youth. He was also a vocal proponent of switching Sweden onto the Gregorian calendar, which was accomplished in Unfortunately, Anders Celsius contracted tuberculosis in , and passed away at the age of He is buried next to his grandfather Magnus Celsius at a church in Uppsala.
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