While some mothers experience positive feelings from breastfeeding, others may not. Healthcare providers can work with mothers to address depression in a timely manner and to help them reach their breastfeeding goals.
Healthcare providers can talk to mothers about treatment options for depression including medications and non-pharmacological options e. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Section Navigation.
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Postpartum Depression. Minus Related Pages. Is there an association between breastfeeding and postpartum depression? Clark , Psy. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , about one in eight mothers experience some symptoms of postpartum depression. Women are more at risk when they suffer from stress, had difficulty getting pregnant, are a mother to multiples like twins or triplets , had pregnancy complications, or have low social support, the CDC says, although the organization notes that anyone can suffer from the condition.
Despite its prevalence, the National Coalition for Maternal Mental Health reports that most women will not seek help or receive treatment for postpartum depression. They can also advocate for themselves and their well-being. Lamppa agrees. But a lack of sleep can be especially damaging to new moms, she says. It's also important to speak with a licensed mental health professional. Reach out," Gur says.
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A total of studies were retrieved from different databases. After reading the abstracts, additional articles were excluded. Finally, a total of 33 full text studies were downloaded and assessed their eligibility. Among full text articles, seven articles were excluded because they did not meet inclusion criteria in four papers outcome of interests was not reported and the three of papers were no a primary study.
Finally, 26 articles were used for the meta-analysis. This process has been reported Fig. Of the included articles: 19 were cross-sectional study designs [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 ] and seven studies were a prospective cohort studies [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 41 , 42 , 50 ] and they comprised a population of 30, The minimum sample size from the included study was [ 46 ] from South Africa, whereas the maximum sample size from the included study was 13,; from Ghana [ 50 ].
The prevalence of postpartum depression in Sub-Saharan Africa ranged from 3. The summary of characteristics of included studies is reported in Table 1 below. Flow diagram shows the study selection of the meta-analysis of the effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices in Sub-Saharan Africa, Overall random effects estimate of the postpartum depression across Sub Saharan Africa studies was This observed effect size varies somewhat from study to study. The possible publication biases were visualized thru funnel plots.
Symmetrical large inverted funnels resembled the presence of publication biases Fig. After we applied trim and fill meta-analysis, the overall random effect estimates of postpartum depression across studies was The prevalence of postpartum depression vary in sub regions of Sub Saharan Africa, which was Forest plot displaying the pooled prevalence of postpartum depression in Sub-Saharan Africa, This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices.
Four studies assessed the effect of effect of postpartum depression on the exclusive breast feeding practices. We explored possible sources of heterogeneity using Univariate meta-regression using publication year and sample size as covariates. However, none of these variables were statistically significant for explaining heterogeneity Table 4. The funnel plot shows a symmetrical distribution Fig.
The influence of a single study on the overall meta-analysis estimate was assessed by sensitivity analysis using a random effects model and revealed that no single study influenced the overall effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices. Forest plot of the pooled effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices in Sub-Saharan Africa, Funnel plot of the effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices in Sub-Saharan Africa, By , the World Health Organization projected that depression will become the second and significant predictor of the global burden of disease [ 56 ].
One in five women in low- and middle-income countries developed postpartum depression according to reviews conducted in Low and Middle Income Countries LMICS and a review conducted in Africa [ 57 , 58 ]. Evidence has shown that common mental disorders, including depression, during the postpartum period are more prevalent compared with non-pregnancy periods [ 59 ]. A study conducted in Malawi found the effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices. Whereas, in this review the prevalence of postpartum depression in Sub Saharan Africa was The prevalence of postpartum depression varies in sub regions of Sub Saharan Africa, which was This showed that there is conflicting result seen for the prevalence of postpartum depression and its effect on exclusive breast feeding practices [ 18 , 19 ].
Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis is perhaps the first of its kind to be conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa to examine the effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that postpartum depression has no significant effect on exclusive breast feeding practices. This finding is in agreement with individual studies conducted in the Republic of Korea [ 62 ], South Africa [ 60 ], Malawi [ 24 ], Ethiopia [ 25 ], Malaysia [ 63 ], Brazil [ 64 ], and Saudi Arabia [ 36 ], whereas the finding of this study was in contrast to a qualitative systematic review [ 65 ], a study conducted in Saudi Arabia [ 66 ] and a study conducted in Mexico [ 66 ].
These disagreements could be the result of sociodemographic and socioeconomic differences between the countries. The other potential explanations for the observed differences might be the use of different tools to assess postpartum depression. The difference in sample size and different study periods may be the additional causes for these variations. In the above studies, the results were based on individual studies, but this systematic review and meta-analysis pooled the effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast feeding practices based on the four studies conducted in different study areas and periods.
However, a study conducted in Canada showed that the effect of postpartum depression on infant feeding depends on the duration of exclusive breast feeding [ 15 ]. Maximum efforts have been made to include all published articles and gray literatures from sub-Saharan African countries.
Chicken egg relationships, therefore, cannot be shown in this review. This review revealed that maternal postpartum depression has no significant effect on exclusive breast feeding practices.
Thus, the investigators strongly recommend the researchers to conduct primary studies with strong study design that can rule out the effect of PPD on breast feeding practices in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was based on a literature review of published studies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anyone who needs to access the data can contact the author concerning the studies included in the analysis. The reference list can also be used to directly access the articles.
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