Another potential system for titrating acids was suggested by Hood and Tannen in They hypothesized that systemic pH was protected by increasing or decreasing the production of organic acids, in the direction that mitigated the effect on systemic pH [ 53 ]. Studying overweight humans who were fasting or on ketogenic diets, they demonstrated that the subjects given an acid ammonium chloride had both lower levels of blood ketoacid production as well as urinary ketoacid excretion.
These effects would tend to limit the net amount of additional acid in the system. Those given sodium bicarbonate had both increased blood ketoacid production as well as urinary ketoacid excretion, thereby increasing blood acid levels. Thus, quantitative changes in organic acid production may be one of the main methods by which the body adjusts and maintains systemic blood acid levels. We suggest the way to put all of this information together is to agree with Oh and Uribarri that bone alone cannot buffer the positive acid balance that one can calculate from measures of acid production and acid excretion.
In addition, endogenous acid production goes up and down in an attempt to maintain systemic blood pH. Younger subjects with better renal function are able to maintain their blood pH in the higher range of normal, while older subjects with worse renal function are only able to maintain their blood pH in the lower ranges of normal.
As renal function declines, renal acid production goes down, but not as much as renal acid excretion and the tradeoff is that the blood acid levels and therefore acid balance are higher. These higher acid levels appear themselves to lead to more rapid damage to the kidneys [ 48 , 49 ]. Other factors such as age, gender, race, and immobility are quantitatively more major factors in determining bone mass and bone breakdown.
However, body retention of only 1 or 2 mEq of acid each day, barely detectable by current measurement techniques, buffered by muscle and kidney and titrated by skeletal base over decades, could potentially result in major depletion of bone mineral. All of the authors L.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Nutrients v. Published online Apr Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Mar 10; Accepted Apr This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Modern Western diets, with higher contents of animal compared to fruits and vegetable products, have a greater content of acid precursors vs. Keywords: osteoporosis, aging, kidney, alkali.
Introduction In western society, aging is accompanied by a loss of bone mass indicative of the bone disorder, osteoporosis. Acid Balance Balance in living systems means that the amount of substance going in equals the amount coming out, so that the levels inside the systems remain unchanging.
Dietary Acids and Bases Food and endogenous metabolic processes are the sources of acid or base intake or production. Proponents of the Alkali Replacement for Prevention of Osteoporosis Theory Proponents of the alkali treatment for osteoporosis theory argue that in vitro studies demonstrate that large increases in system acid levels first activate osteoclasts, which increases calcium flux from bone, contributing to increased bone dissolution [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].
Opponents of the Alkali Replacement for Prevention of Osteoporosis Theory Opponents of this theory make the argument that if bone were the main source of base used to titrate dietary acids, then in just a few years, all the bone in the body would dissolve.
Controls on Physiologic Acid-Base Regulation To review, arguments from studies in subjects with advanced renal failure and the results of current epidemiological literature examining the potential association between dietary acid load and bone density and fracture incidence are conflicting to results found from in vitro studies and at least one longer term randomized alkali treatment study in humans.
Synthesis We suggest the way to put all of this information together is to agree with Oh and Uribarri that bone alone cannot buffer the positive acid balance that one can calculate from measures of acid production and acid excretion. Author Contributions All of the authors L. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Wachman A. Diet and osteoporosis.
Cordain L. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: Health implications for the 21st century. Kurtz I. Effect of diet on plasma acid-base composition in normal humans. Kidney Int. Frassetto L. Age and systemic acid-base equilibrium: Analysis of published data. A Biol. Folin O. Laws governing the chemical composition of urine. Sherman H. The balance of acid-forming and base-forming elements in foods, and its relation to ammonia metabolism. Blatherwick N.
The specific role of foods in relation to the composition of the urine. Relman A. Endogenous production of fixed acid and the measurement of the net balance of acid in normal subjects.
Lennon E. The effects of phosphoproteins on acid balance in normal subjects. Lemann J. The relation of sulfur metabolism to acid-base balance and electrolyte excretion: The effects of dl -methionine in normal man.
Influence of diet composition on endogenous fixed acid production. The effects of diet and stool composition on the net external acid balance of normal subjects. Remer T. Estimation of the renal net acid excretion by adults consuming diets containing variable amounts of protein.
Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents. Sebastian A. Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors. This short video explains more about how to treat constipation. Speak to a pharmacist if you have signs of dehydration , such as peeing less than usual or having dark, strong-smelling pee.
Do not take any medicines to treat diarrhoea without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor. Do not drive or use tools or machinery until your dizziness has gone. Try not to drink too much alcohol. Ask your pharmacist to recommend a painkiller, and talk to your doctor if the pain lasts longer than a week or is severe. Avoid standing for long periods if you have swollen legs, and put your feet on a stool or cushion to raise your legs when you're sitting.
Talk to your doctor if the swelling is severe or lasts longer than a week. It might help to eat smaller meals more often. You could also try eating and drinking more slowly, and increase your level of exercise if you can. If the symptoms get worse, contact your doctor straight away. You can buy antihistamines from a pharmacy but check with the pharmacist to see what type is suitable for you when taking this medicine.
Try not to drink any alcohol, as this will make you feel more tired. Talk to your pharmacist or doctor if you're concerned. Some hair loss treatments are available. Alendronic acid and pregnancy Alendronic acid is not recommended during pregnancy. Alendronic acid and breastfeeding It's generally OK to take alendronic acid while breastfeeding. Non-urgent advice: Tell your doctor if you're:. Some medicines can affect the way alendronic acid works.
Tell your doctor if you're taking: supplements or multivitamins containing calcium, iron, magnesium or zinc antacids to relieve indigestion or heartburn laxatives containing magnesium cancer medicines such as bevacizumab or thalidomide steroids such as prednisolone or dexamethasone — these may increase the risk of damage to your jaw bone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs such as ibuprofen , which can increase the risk of irritating your food pipe, stomach or gut.
Taking low-dose aspirin is OK antibiotics such as gentamicin, amikacin or tobramycin — these can lower the calcium in your blood deferasirox, a medicine used to remove excess iron from the body — this may increase the risk of bleeding from your gut Also tell your doctor if you are having chemotherapy.
Mixing alendronic acid with herbal remedies or supplements There's very little information about taking herbal remedies and supplements with alendronic acid. Important: Medicine safety Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you're taking any other medicines, including herbal medicines, vitamins or supplements. How does alendronic acid work? How long does it take to work?
How good is it at preventing further broken bones? How long will I take it for? How long do the effects last after I stop taking it? The longer you take the medicine, the longer the effects will last. Is it safe to take long term? What happens if I do not take it?
What can I do to keep my teeth healthy while taking it? It's a good idea to: keep your teeth clean and have a dental check-up every 6 months. Your doctor may also recommend a dental check-up before your treatment starts contact your doctor or dentist if you have any problems with your mouth or teeth, such as pain, swelling or loose teeth.
What happens if I need dental treatment? Will taking alendronic acid affect my arthritis? Will it affect my fertility? Will it affect my contraception? Can I drive or ride a bike? Is there any food or drink I need to avoid? Can I drink alcohol with it? Can lifestyle changes help? Eat food for strong bones — include some foods high in calcium and vitamin D.
Get vitamin D from sunlight — spend some time in the sun wearing adequate sun protection. Stop smoking — smoking harms your bones. The weak disassociation allows it to be absorbed through the skin as the intact molecule.
Once it penetrates the skin it slowly disassociates into the hydrogen ion and fluoride ion. The fluoride ion affects tissue integrity and metabolism by liquefaction necrosis, decalcification and destruction of bone, and production of insoluble salts. Loss of calcium, hypocalcemia , results from precipitation of calcium form the blood as CaF2. This will eventually result in loss of calcium from the bones to try to equilibrate the decreased serum calcium.
This may be a delayed fatal event. The rapid development of hypocalcemia can be rapidly fatal because calcium is important for muscles, including cardiac muscle, to function properly. Without calcium, many metabolic pathways breakdown. Fluoride from any source has the same toxicity. A mass poisoning occurred at a state hospital many years ago when a bug poison containing NaF was mistaken for powdered milk and added to scrambled eggs.
There were reported to be 47 deaths. In some regions of the country the levels of fluoride in the water are too high and this causes mottling of the teeth and loss of calcium from the bones. Inhalation of HF produces an immediate injury to the lining of the lungs with hemorrhage pulmonary edema and death.
It may take only about 5 minutes of exposure to inhaled HF to produce death in a couple of hours. Skip to main content. Healing Bone Worksheet. Human Skeleton Anatomy Activity. Human Skull Bones Activity.
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Digging Deeper. Digging Deeper: Depression and the Past. Digging Deeper: Germs and Disease. Digging Deeper: Milk and Immunity. Viral Attack What's Lurking in Lunch? Experiments Bones need to be both strong and flexible in order to do their job. What makes tough bones?
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